Nursing Compass

Fetal Skull – Full Obstetrics Notes with Diagrams and Clinical Tips 1. Introduction The fetal skull is the most important part of the fetus during labor and delivery. It is large, bony, and firm , and plays a key role in labor progress and delivery outcome . 2. Divisions of Fetal Skull The fetal skull is divided into: Vault of the skull (calvaria) – dome-shaped, formed by flat bones. Base of the skull – more ossified and less compressible. Face – not important in obstetrics. 3. Bones of the Vault The vault includes: 2 frontal bones 2 parietal bones 1 occipital bone These bones are connected by membranous sutures and fontanelles , allowing molding during labor. 4. Sutures of the Fetal Skull Definition : Narrow membranous joints between the bones of the skull. Important Sutures : Sagittal Suture – between two parietal bones. Coronal Sutures – between frontal and parietal bones. Lambdoid Sutures – between parietal and occipital bones. Frontal/Me...

1. Fetal Physiology Fetal physiology revolves around how the fetus grows and develops within the uterus. Key aspects include: Oxygen and Nutrient Exchange The fetus relies on the placenta for oxygen and nutrients. The mother’s blood supplies nutrients and removes fetal waste products via the placental barrier. Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF) Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin (HbA). This helps the fetus extract oxygen from maternal blood efficiently. Fetal Growth Factors Hormones such as human placental lactogen (hPL) , estrogen , progesterone , and cortisol are crucial for fetal growth and metabolic regulation. The fetus also produces its own hormones like fetal thyroid hormones (for brain development) and fetal insulin (for growth). Amniotic Fluid Cushions the fetus and allows for symmetrical growth. Fetal kidneys contribute to amniotic fluid production by excreting urine into the amniotic sac. 2. Fetal Circulation F...

 suction evacuation and curettage tailored for nursing students. This overview covers definitions, indications, procedure types, steps, nursing care, complications, and post-procedure considerations. 1. Overview and Definitions Suction Evacuation and Curettage This is a gynecological procedure used to empty the contents of the uterus. It is commonly performed for: Early pregnancy termination (abortion) Management of miscarriage (incomplete or missed abortion) Removal of retained products of conception Diagnosis and treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding Note: The term “suction evacuation” typically refers to procedures using a vacuum (manual or electric) to aspirate uterine contents. “Curettage” involves scraping the uterine lining with a curette (a spoon-shaped instrument) to ensure complete removal or to obtain tissue for histopathological examination. In many cases, both techniques are used together. 2. Indications The procedure is indicated in several clinical ...

1. Overview of the Female Reproductive System The female reproductive system is divided into external and internal components. In addition to the organs that directly participate in reproduction, several supporting structures—including muscles, fascia, and connective tissues—play crucial roles in maintaining pelvic stability and function. Other related structures, such as components of the urinary system and the breasts, are also integral to overall pelvic anatomy and physiology. 2. External Genitalia (Vulva) Key Structures: Labia Majora and Labia Minora: Labia Majora: These are the larger, fatty folds that enclose and protect the other external reproductive structures. Labia Minora: These smaller, thinner folds lie within the labia majora and protect the vestibule. Clitoris: A highly innervated organ, essential for sexual arousal, composed of a glans, body, and crura extending internally. Vestibule of the Vagina: The area enclosed by the labia minora, containing...

I. Overview of the Puerperium Definition and Duration: The puerperium (postpartum period) begins immediately after delivery (after expulsion of the placenta) and generally lasts about six weeks. It is typically divided into three phases: Acute (Immediate) Phase: First 24 hours after delivery. Early Phase: Up to 7–10 days postpartum. Late Phase: Up to 6 weeks (and sometimes extending to 6 months for full recovery of some systems). II. Physiological Changes A. Reproductive Tract Uterine Involution: The uterus rapidly contracts from roughly 1000 g at delivery to approximately 50–100 g by 6 weeks postpartum. Contraction of the myometrium, driven initially by endogenous oxytocin (and augmented by breastfeeding-induced oxytocin release), is critical to compress blood vessels at the placental site and prevent hemorrhage. The endometrium regenerates from the basal layer; lochia is produced in three stages: Lochia Rubra: Red, primarily blood and decidual tissue, lasting...

Here's a breakdown of fetal circulation, including a mnemonic and flowchart: Fetal Circulation Fetal circulation differs significantly from adult circulation because the fetus does not breathe air and the lungs are not fully functional until birth. Instead, the fetus relies on the placenta for oxygen and nutrients, and the blood flow is directed to bypass the lungs. Key Features  * Placenta: The placenta acts as the fetal lungs and digestive system, providing oxygenated blood and nutrients from the mother's circulation.  * Umbilical Cord: The umbilical cord contains two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta and one vein that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.  * Shunts: Three shunts help direct blood flow away from the lungs and liver:    * Ductus Venosus: Bypasses the liver, shunting blood from the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava (IVC).    * Foramen Ovale: An opening between the r...