🩸 HIGH-YIELD TOPIC: DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC) 🩸 Highly important for Critical Care nursing sections. This is a complex "secondary" disorder. 📌 WHAT IS DIC? A life-threatening condition where the body's clotting mechanism breaks down. 👉 Paradox: Massive clotting occurs first, followed by massive bleeding. 👉 It is NOT a primary disease: It is always a complication of another condition (Sepsis, Trauma, Abruptio Placentae). 📌 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Trigger (Sepsis/Trauma) → Excessive Thrombin generation → Widespread Micro-clots in capillaries → Depletion of Clotting Factors & Platelets → UNCONTROLLED BLEEDING. 📍 Key point: Organ failure happens because micro-clots block blood flow to kidneys, lungs, and brain. 📌 CAUSES (THE "TRIGGERS") 🔹 Sepsis: Most common cause (especially Gram-negative). 🔹 Obstetric Complications: Abruptio Placentae, Amniotic fluid embolism. 🔹 Major Trauma/Burns. 🔹 Cancer: Acute Leukemia. 🔹 Incompatible Bl...
Oral Cancer| Bsc Nursing 3rd year| Pathophysiology| surgical management| Nursing Management| medical Management|
Oral Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, refers to a group of cancers that develop in the tissues of the mouth and throat. It can affect the lips, tongue, gums, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth (hard palate), floor of the mouth under the tongue, tonsils, and salivary glands. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving the prognosis of oral cancer. Causes: The primary risk factor for oral cancer is tobacco use, including cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and smokeless tobacco. Other risk factors include: Heavy alcohol consumption: Alcohol can irritate the mouth tissues and increase the risk of cancer when combined with tobacco use. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection: Certain strains of HPV, particularly HPV 16 and 18, are linked to an increased risk of oropharyngeal cancer (cancer of the tonsils and back of the throat). Sun exposure: Excessive sun exposure can increase the risk of lip cancer. A weakened immune system: Indivi...