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The Amazing Placenta and Fetal Membranes: A Nursing Student's Comprehensive Guide

The Amazing Placenta and Fetal Membranes : A Nursing Student's Comprehensive Guide Pregnancy is a marvel of biology, and at the heart of it lies a temporary yet vital organ: the placenta. Alongside the protective fetal membranes, the placenta acts as the lifeline for the developing baby. As a nursing student, understanding these structures in detail is crucial for providing informed and effective care. Let's dive deep into the fascinating world of the placenta and fetal membranes! (Keywords: placenta, fetal membranes, pregnancy, nursing student, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, chorion, amnion, yolk sac, allantois, fetal development, maternal-fetal exchange, placental function, pregnancy complications) Laying the Foundation: Formation of the Placenta and Fetal Membranes The journey begins with fertilization . The resulting zygote undergoes rapid cell division, forming a blastocyst . This blastocyst, with its outer layer (trophoblast) and inner cell mass (embryoblast), imp...
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Terminology related to Oncology

Terminology related to Oncolog


Oncology- Branch of Medicine dealing with Tumor
     ONC- Tumor, Swelling
     LOGOS- To Study

1. TUMOR - An abnormal Growth of Body Tissue. It may be Benign Or Malignant. 
2. BENIGN - Growth that are encapsulated And Remain Localised (it can't Spread To another Organ)
3. MALIGNANT - Growth That are Not Encapsulated And have Ability To migrate (It can Spread To Another Organ )
4. NEOPLASM- A new Growth of Tissue Which may be Benign Or Malignant
5. METASTASIS - Transfer Of Disease From One Organ to Another Organ
6. Carcinoma - Tumor of Epithelial Tissue Like Skin , GIT, Lungs , Urethra, Breast
7. CARCINOMA IN SITU- A lesions present With all the Histological characteristics of Malignant Except Invasion of Basement Membrane. 
8. SARCOMA - Neoplasms that Originated From Bone, Muscle, Fat, Connective Tissue
9. STAGING - A method Of classifying Malignancies Based on Presence & Extent of Cancer . 
10. HOSPICE- Concept of Interdisciplinary Care of Terminally ill Patients Like Cancer Patient . 
11. LEUKEMIA - Neoplasms That Originate From blood Forming Bone.
12. LYMPHOMAS - Neoplasms that Originated From Lymph Nodes
13. CARCINOGEN- Physical, Chemical & Biological Stressors That Causes Neoplastic Change in Normal Cells . 
14 . UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS- Cells That have lost The capacity Of Specialized Functions. 
15. HYPERTROPHY - Increase Size of Organ Due to Increase Size of cells
 16. HYPERPLASIA - Increase Size of Organ Due To Increase Number of cells . 
17. ATROPHY - Decreased Size of Organ Due to Decreased Size & Number of cells.
18. METAPLASIA - Conversion of one kind of tissue into a form of that is not Normal for That Tissue. 
19. Dysplasia - Abnormal Development of Cells.
20. ANAPLASIA - Undifferentiated Cell Type.
21. APLASIA - Failure of Organ or Tissue to Develop Normally.
22. ADENOCARCINOMA - A Malignant TUMOR Arising from A Glandular Organ 
23. TUMOR MARKERS -Substances in the body that may indicate cancer presence. These markers can be secreted by the tumor itself or produced by the body in response to cancer. They aid diagnosis and track treatment progress. Examples include neuron-specific enolase (NSE) associated with neuroblastoma and alphafetoprotein (AFP) in germ cell tumors.


.• Biopsy: The removal of a small section of a tumor for analysis by a histopathologist. This helps establish a precise diagnosis. Biopsies can be needle-based or involve the removal of the entire tumor before diagnosis.
• Haematology :The  branch of medicine specializing in the study and treatment of blood and blood tissues, including bone marrow. A blood count measures different types of cells in the blood, aiding diagnosis and monitoring toxicity during treatment. Haematologists may also examine bone marrow samples and spinal fluid.
• Histopathology: The study of cells related to diseases. Histopathologists determine precise diagnoses through laboratory tests and microscopic examination of cells. (Note: Histology is the microscopic study of cells and tissues, while Pathology is the study of diseases.)
• Differentiation: The process by which normal cells transform into specialized tissues. Malignant cells can be well-differentiated (resembling tissue of origin) or undifferentiated/anaplastic (bearing little similarity to the original tissue). Undifferentiated or anaplastic histologies are generally more aggressive.
• 
Medical Imaging:
• X-ray: Reveals the tumor site and extent, aiding detection of metastatic spread.
•CT (Computed Tomography): Creates cross-sectional x-ray images of body slices, processed by a computer.
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Detects abnormal signals in tissues’ biochemical activity.
• Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to image underlying structures based on tissue differences.

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